Article 1:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7930502/

Preventing postoperative infections is an aim shared by all surgical specialities as oral health is a crucial part of surgical operations. To accomplish this, patients are routinely required to go through intense scrutiny before elective surgery, including preoperative correction of modifiable risk factors, recognition of postoperative risk factors that may lead to complications, and ensuring that there are no active infections at remote sites that may result in haematogenous infection before the operation. It is essential to take a multidisciplinary approach to patient optimisation, with primary care doctors, orthopaedic surgeons, dentists/oral surgeons, cardiologists, and clinical care coordinators all playing vital roles in the protocols for postoperative oral health care.

Data from other surgical specialities have shown how beneficial preoperative oral health screenings are in lowering postoperative surgical sites infection (SSI). Operation time, blood loss, and perioperative oral management were all strongly connected with the development of SSI, according to a retrospective cohort research by Nobuhara and colleagues on 698 patients following major colon cancer surgery. Following elective spine surgery, Mirzashahi and colleagues showed a statistically significant link with preoperative dental assessment, periodontal disease, and postoperative surgical site infection. Small sample size and selection bias as a cause of systematic error, however, restrict the study.

According to the analysis, individuals who had more than one comorbidity were more likely to get an infection in their orthopaedic prosthesis. According to Tokarski et al., individuals with risk factors had a higher likelihood than those without of having oral infections that prevented joint replacement surgery during preoperative examination. However, because the follow-up period was cut off right after the prosthesis was implanted, this study was unable to benefit from hindsight on the prevalence of infections.

 

Article 2:

Hashmi, S., Mohanty, V. R., Balappanavar, A. Y., Yadav, V., Kapoor, S., & Rijhwani, K. (2019). Effectiveness of dental health education on oral hygiene among hearing impaired adolescents in India: A randomized control trial. Special Care in Dentistry, 39(3), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/scd.12374

The article is written about basic sign language instruction for dental practitioners is both practical and effective, and it improves gingival health and oral hygiene more than traditional health education approaches do. The intervention consisted of an interactive lesson that explained the brushing method using sign language and PowerPoint presentations. After 12 weeks, the study discovered a significant decrease in plaque buildup and oral hygiene in both groups, which was linked to patients’ enhanced dental knowledge and efficient use of it. Children can maintain better oral hygiene with ongoing reinforcement and a minimum of three months of one-on-one education in oral hygiene. Children who are hard of hearing can benefit from treatment and health promotion if obstacles are removed and sign language instruction is introduced into dentistry schools.

The goal of the New Delhi, India, study was to help teenagers with hearing loss practise better oral hygiene. The intervention consisted of interactive lessons that explained brushing practises using sign language and PowerPoint presentations. At 12 weeks, the study discovered a significant decrease in both groups’ oral hygiene and plaque buildup. The study also discovered that young children with hearing impairments lacked awareness, with a greater proportion of male toddlers in both categories. Children can maintain better oral hygiene with ongoing reinforcement and a minimum of three months of one-on-one education in oral hygiene. Training in sign language can help with comprehension and oral hygiene care, and resources such as Braille books, easily understood visual instructions, and sign-language oral hygiene instructions can improve dental health education. Children who are hard of hearing can benefit from treatment and health promotion if obstacles are removed and sign language instruction is introduced into dentistry schools. The results emphasise how crucial it is to encourage dental health and good oral hygiene among those with hearing impairments.

Article 3:

Chaffee, B. W., Couch, E. T., Vora, M. V., & Holliday, R. S. (2021). Oral and periodontal implications of tobacco and nicotine products. Periodontology 2000.

Of all behaviour risk factors, smoking is the leading risk factor cause of death and illness wordwide. In oral health, smoking increases risk of periodontitis and caries. It reduces gingival bleeding and inflammation due to gingival vasoconstriction, causing poor blood suply to the gingival, increasing periodontal pocket specially in anterior maxillary and affect the healing ability.  Although it has been demonstrated that smoking cigarettes has a number of negative consequences on oral health, we should also be aware of the dangers posed by other kinds of tobacco, such as cigars and smokeless tobacco. Recently, an expanding number of new or developing goods containing tobacco and/or nicotine have been introduced to the market. Electronic cigarettes have garnered the most attention, although heated tobacco and other noncombustible nicotine products have also been included in this category. The use of cannabis, often known as marijuana, is on the rise, and this poses a threat to oral health as well as dental therapy. To be able to provide patients with suggestions that are in their best interest, dental professionals, including periodontists who are in practise, need to have awareness of the general and oral health concerns connected with the wide variety of tobacco and nicotine products, as well as cannabis. This review presents an overview of selected tobacco and nicotine products, with a focus on the consequences those products have for the development of periodontal disease and the clinical management of patients who have the illness. Also discussed are methods that dental practitioners can employ in their practises to counsel tobacco users and provide them with assistance when they quit using the product.

Article 4:

Wyszyńska, M., Nitsze-Wierzba, M., Białożyt-Bujak, E., Kasperski, J., & Skucha-Nowak, M. (2021). The Problem of Halitosis in Prosthetic Dentistry, and New Approaches to Its Treatment: A Literature Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(23), 5560.

This article reviews about intra-oral halitosis (bad smell) among patients who use dentures. Halistosis is adisease in which badbreath comes from oral cavity. It is mostly caused by volatile sulfur and non-sulfured compounds. Halitosis can occur inside or outside the oral cavity but in most cases, it is caused by microorganisms in the oral cavity. Patients have had the problem of having bad breath inside their mouths for a long time. Halitosis is a problem that can happen to people who wear removable or fixed teeth. In both situations, microorganisms may be able to grow in new places, including those tied to bad breath in oral cavity. The issue of halitosis arises among those who utilise removable or fixed dentures within the field of dental prosthesis. It is important to acknowledge that dentures, whether fixed or removable, are a foreign object inserted into the patient’s oral cavityf the patient isn’t careful about keeping their mouth clean, these devices could become a breeding ground for germs that cause this unpleasant condition. Conventional treatment for bad breath in the mouth lowers the activity of microbes by using chemicals and/or artificial means. As of right now, researchers are looking for new ways to treat bad breath. One idea is to use mouthwash, and another is to add silver and graphene nanoparticles to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Mouthwash can be used include chlorhecidine, cetylpyridine chloride. It contains chlorhexidine which provide effective and immediate relief. Another new is used modify poly which can be used in the manufacture with silver and graphene nanoparticle to reducing the occurrence of halitosis.

Article 5:

Atassi, F., & Awartani, F. (2010). Oral hygiene status among orthodontic patients. J Contemp Dent Pract, 11(4), 25-32.

The article aimed to assess the oral hygiene status of individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University. It was discovered that the patients’ oral care at home was not at an optimal level. This shows that an oral health maintenance programme needs to be set up. Orthodontic patients with poor dental hygiene may develop gingivitis. In people who are highly motivated, plaque formation and gingival irritation can be decreased. Orthodontic appliances typically do not induce gingival irritation, although they can potentially contribute to the development of periodontal disease due to a higher risk factor. The patients are advices to use interdental toothbrushs. The study also found that there was no obvious difference between the male and female patients in the plaque index and the ortho-plaque index. Both men and women had trouble keeping up with good oral hygiene at home. It is important to provide orthodontic patients with comprehensive education on appropriate oral hygiene practises, along with regular monitoring of their brushing techniques. A small 6% of the patient population reported utilising dental floss, while a slightly higher proportion of 16% indicated engaging an interdental brush. Gingivitis is mostly caused by dental plaque, and patients need to be encouraged to brush their teeth properly and shown how to do it. Increasing people’s knowledge about good oral hygiene can lower the number of cases and severity of gingiva tissue damage and make the long-term benefits of orthodontic treatment last longer. Both men and women had trouble keeping up with good oral hygiene at home. The diet is also found strongly related to dental caries and periodontal disease dus to the information of plaque. However, it should be noted that the presence of carbohydrates in an individual’s diet can have an impact on the spread of bacteria. In order to achieve optimal outcomes in oral hygiene, it is essential to provide knowledge and promote motivation among patients to maintain their dental well-being, as well as offer guidance on suitable solutions for home-based oral care. The electric toothbrush could bring a significant benefit for those undergoing orthodontic treatment, due to its enhanced efficacy in eliminating subragingival plaque from teeth that are fixed with brackets.

Article 6:

Herrera, D., Retamal-Valdes, B., Alonso, B., & Feres, M. (2018). Acute periodontal lesions (periodontal abscesses and necrotizing periodontal diseases) and endo-periodontal lesions. Journal of Periodontology, 89(S1), S85-S102. doi:doi:10.1002/JPER.16-0642

Acute periodontal diseases is a conditions involving the periodontium ligament, cause pain, irritation, tissue damage, and infection. These include gingival, periodontal, necrotizing, herpetic, pericoronal, and pericoronitis, and mixed periodontal-endodontic lesions. Acute periodontal abscesses, necrotizing periodontal diseases, and endo-periodontal lesions (EPL), which can be acute or chronic. Periodontal abscesses are common dental emergencies that require urgent treatment and can rapidly destroy the periodontium, leding to poor prognosis. The most severe dental biofilm-related disorders are necrotizing periodontal diseases, which destroy tissue quickly.
Bacterias causing inflamation including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema species, Campylobacter species, Capnocytophaga species, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, or gram-negative enteric rods are the most common bacteria in periodontal abcesses. It can develop with or without periodontal pockets. A deep pocket, bleeding on probing (100%), and increased tooth movement (56.4–100%) were typical of a periodontal abscess. Radiographs usually showed bone loss. The symptoms could include facial swelling, elevated body temperature, malaise, regional lymphadenopathy, or increased blood leukocytes.
Necrotizing periodontal diseases (NPD) are ulcers in the stratified squamous epithelium and superficial gingival connective tissue with a nonspecific acute inflammatory reaction. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) are both classified as forms of necrotizing periodontal diseases (NPD), with similar symptoms. NPD individuals may reoccur and become a “chronic condition,” destroying slowly. Infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), poor nutrition, mental stress, not getting enough sleep, bad oral hygiene, gingivitis, and a history of NPD are the main factors of necrotizing periodontal diseases. Tobacco and alcohol, and young age and ethnicity alco can increase risk. Orthodontic or diefficientcy crown, weather changes are also the factors of NPD.

Endo-periodontal lesion (EPL) affects pulp and periodontal tissues and can be acute or chronic. Dental pulp and periodontal tissues are microbially contaminated to varied degrees. Endodontic and periodontal diseases, trauma, and iatrogenic causes may cause EPL. Root/pulp chamber/furcation perforation, root fracture or cracking, external root resorption, and pulp necrosis draining through the periodontium are the most prevalent pathologies. EPL microbiology has been assessed utilising culture, targeted, and open-ended methods. The “red” and “orange” complexes’ periodontal pathogens, such as P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and Parvimonas micra, and Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Treponema species, predominated. However, there are no notable variations between endodontic and periodontal lesions or an EPL-specific microbial composition.

Article 7:

Hopcraft, M. and Tan, C. (2010), Xerostomia: an update for clinicians.
Australian Dental Journal, 55: 238–244. doi:10.1111/j.1834-
7819.2010.01229.x

Saliva has important role in oral health. It protect against bacteria and fungi, carry nutrient and aid in chewing, swallowing and speech. It also cleanses and neutralises acids to remineralisation of dental heard tissue, lubricates oral mucosa. There are two saliva dysfuntions including saliva gland hypofunction and xerostomia. Salivary gland hypofunction is dehydration condition due to inadequate fluid intake, stress physical activity, alcohol consumption and caffeine.  Salivary gland hypofunction indicates lower salivary flow. But xerostomia, it is a perception of dry mouth, causes halitosis, oral disorders and oral infractions can worsen. Both xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction increase the risk of dental caries, perioontal diseases, oral infections such as candidiasis and denture retention. Dry mouth can lead to halitosis, oral malodour. Although salivary flow rates do not change with age, xerostomia prevalence increases with age, mostly in middle-aged and elderly people. With an elderly population, xerostomia is becoming more widespread.

Article 8:

Andersson, L., Andreasen, J. O., Day, P., Heithersay, G., Trope, M., DiAngelis, A. J., … & Tsukiboshi, M. (2012). International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth. Dental traumatology, 28(2), 88-96.

The article informs about avulsion of permanent teeth, dental injury on the accident site and what should do immediate actions. Replantation is prefered but not always carry out immediately possible. A good prognosis requires emergency supervision and therapy. Following IADT treatment protocols increases the longevity of replanted teeth. At the accident location, immediate replantation is prefered, but other alternatives include storage media. Treatment guidelines for avulsed permanent teeth are based on the root’s maturity and the condition of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Replant can be done by the patient, guardian, teacher, other persion at the accidient site. The recommended instructions: keep calm, pick the tooth by the crown, avoid touching the root, place it back to the original site immerdiatly into the jaw, cleaning the tooth gently in milk, saline or by pt;s saliva if it is dirty, visit a dental clinic immediately to monitor. If the replanting could not be done at the accident site, store  in milk, saliva, or saline less then 60 minutes and see the dentist immediately. Endodontic treatment should begin within 2 weeks following transplantation, and root canal treatment should be avoided unless pulp necrosis and infection are documented. Clinical and radiological monitoring of replanted teeth should last five years.

Article 9:

Dufty, J., Gkranias, N., & Donos, N. (2017). Necrotising Ulcerative Gingivitis: A Literature Review. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 15(4), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.a38766

Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) is an uncommon, painful, and damaging illness with an incidence of <1%. This opportunistic bacterial infection is mostly spirochete-related. NUG treatment must be customised to the patient’s tolerance and infection severity. NUG, one of the most severe oral biofilm responses, is rare but important. Risk factors must be identified and treated with mild superficial debridement, oral hygiene training, and mouthwash and antibiotics in severe cases. NUG is an uncommon oral disease with 0.03% to 9.4% frequency. Its acute presentation—intense pain, punched-out gingival papilla, and bleeding without provocation—makes it unusual among periodontal disorders. Intense pain, punched-out gingival papilla, and spontaneous bleeding are key clinical symptoms. Treponema sp. and Fusobacterium sp. are common spirochetes in NUG. The American Dental Association said NUG was not contagious but necessary for military hygiene. Malnutrition, especially vitamin C insufficiency, may cause NUG, however the link is uncertain.

NUG, a periodontal disease, usually affects young adults in industrialised countries about 23 years old. Poor dental hygiene, pre-existing gingivitis, lower socioeconomic position, immunosuppression, smoking, psychological stress, malnutrition, and immunosuppression can cause NUG. Smoking, especially heavy smoking, increases NUG risk. Psychological stress positively correlates with NUG, impacting the periodontium, infection resistance, endocrine dysfunction, diet, oral hygiene, and parafunctional behaviours. NUG treatment has two phases: acute and maintenance. NUG is rare and has reduced after WWII. The literature on its treatment is divided, with non-surgical, antibacterial, and chlorhexidine mouthwash options. NUG prefers metronidazole for its efficacy, short duration, and low side effects. Treatment should be customised to each patient’s tolerance and infection level. Patients should first self-care and then have the dentist debride under local anaesthesia. When brushing hurts, apply antiseptics, and when systemic involvement is present, antibiotics. A supportive treatment programme should help NUG patients maintain good oral hygiene and prevent recurrence. NUG needs more research to be accurately characterised.

Article 10:

Bahho, L., Thomson, W., Foster Page, L., & Drummond, B. (2020). Dental trauma experience and oral‐health‐related quality of life among university students. Australian Dental Journal, 65(3), 220–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12774

The most common cause of dental trauma, according to a study of 499 young people, was an accident or hitting something with the teeth. The most common types of oral trauma were broken or lost teeth. The majority of the trauma had happened at least six years ago, and most of the worst injuries had happened at least six years ago. Forty-five of the subjects (45.5%) who had dental trauma needed to see a dentist. There was a strong link between having dental cavities and having OHIP-14 effects. The study also found that the mean OHIP score was only linked to NA.

Young people living in University of Otago residence halls were asked about their oral health and the number of dental injuries they had. It was discovered that people who had experienced tooth cavities in the past had worse oral health. But this link was no longer clear after negative effect was taken into account. Some problems with the study are that it used a convenience sample, had a high participation rate, and relied on people’s own reports of tooth trauma and cavities. A tested oral health measure called the OHIP-14 was used to match the results of this study with those of other related ones. It’s likely that the self-reported OHRQoL and personality results from this study are correct.

The research discovered that dental trauma doesn’t have a bad effect on young adults’ oral health and well-being (OHRQoL), but having dental cavities in the past does. Self-reported mouth health is affected by negative emotions. The rate of tooth trauma was about the same as the 23.4% rate found in the New Zealand Oral Health Survey in 2009. The study also didn’t find a link between worse OHRQoL and more severe stress. Most of the time, the cost of dental care was lowered or removed. The research shows that personality tests should be used to evaluate OHRQ