Part 3: Personal reflection – development and understanding as a social networker

The Social Networking for Information Professionals unit has broadened my perspective as a future library professional in understanding the positive uses and harms that technology can serve in the society. For me, the most meaningful aspect of this unit is that it identifies the importance of online and offline etiquette for what it takes to be a social networking information professional in the 21st century, through an array of multilayered learning.

In module one, I reviewed Han and Yang’s (2023) article, concurring with their survey on relational closeness for social media use and self-esteem on individuals. Individuals will have high self-esteem if they have a supportive friends’ network and adverse effect if not. Equally, several other students agreed with the concluded findings. Later, I noticed the article did not deduce a protective measure for this issue. Having completed the module, I learned the way to conquer this issue is to educate students on how to navigate social media, equip them with the necessary tools to manage their personal data and know where to seek assistance when encountering attacks either in the form of cyberbullying or cybersecurity threats (Etuh & Bakpo, 2022). Additionally, I concurred with Brenna Guiney’s (Guiney, 2023, November 25) evaluation on Mulvey and Keller’s (2023) article on social media platforms governed by algorithms and restricting what content can be shown on platforms. I realised since representation of the information could be biased opinion, it is difficult for viewers to notice from selected information, unless posts are very one-sided opinions. This understanding of how algorithms alter information showed me that it can be harmful to students and how crucial it is to promote information literacy in education for learning in the 21st century.

Further into module 2, the influence of social networking and technology on society were explored. I have learned that technology evolved from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 and will continue to transform. Now I know that Web 2.0 allows users to contribute to web content and social media which facilitates collaboration and makes it possible for networking through mobile technologies, to interact with each other seamlessly. Nevertheless, the information environment that we are now living in is inevitably changing, upgrading, and it is a challenging task for information organisations to keep up with the fast-paced, ever-changing digital online platforms. This means that information organisations need to update their policies and guidelines regularly, and documents need to be fluid. Hence, I found that this method will allow accessing and conducting everyday business in internal and external websites to be kept secure. I have realised from this unit that the amount of data that travels and is stored in the cloud poses privacy and security issues. I have come to understand that to keep data safe and secure for patrons has become an expectation and is a strenuous task (Martínez-Caro et al., 2020). Keeping the infrastructure and online resources current is an enormous cost for information organisations. In the near future, information organisation might need to join ventures and pull their funds together to reach a common goal.

After watching Laura Cole’s TED Talk video (2016) in module 3, I discovered the history of the changing role of library professionals from preserver to cultivator, and from a custodian of books to having the active role of a navigator. Cole (2016) discussed the library 2.0 ethos in relational to information organisations and explored how there are a vast majority of roles that library professionals are required to perform. I agreed there are different expectations, and new roles and responsibilities seem to be emerging in an upward trend. According to Margaret K. Merga (2022), there are more than thirty-six aspects of role requirements and characteristics of the Australian teacher librarian. Margaret’s research (Merga, 2022) indicated that in South Australia schools have 94% of unqualified staff managing the library, due to cheaper remuneration packages. This demonstrated to me that the perception of library professionals remains static and is still considered a ‘breezy’ career, with a traditional lady sitting behind the front desk serving patrons (Rubin & Rubin, 2020).  Hence, I think the need to promote the important role of librarians is immediate. I believe librarians act as a bridge between patrons and online platforms. I feel that constant training and upgrading library professionals’ knowledge and skills to support the community is vital to ensure a safe and protected environment for users.

I have explored various social networking websites in this unit for assessments and successfully learnt to create an artificial library website using Instagram. It was a great experience to learn a new application, where I can transfer the knowledge to my students in future to support them to navigate or create their own webpages using Instagram. I used the trial-and-error method for this assessment task, and reading and commenting on other students’ blogs inspired my learning for this unit. When I compared two twitter feeds (X), Digital Education Research Network (Australia) (DERN) (DERN [@derntwits], n.d.) and the American Library Association (ALA) (ALA [@ALALibrary], n.d.), I learnt that content appearance, type and the variety of posts do matter for attracting an audience. If posting is infrequent, that will create less market exposure, and mainly text content will drive users away. In addition, this unit taught me that algorithms are a useful tool to sort out the most relevant information and acknowledge images by reference to the code of Creative Commons to abide by the law, before downloading and sharing with others (Maurer et al., 2016).

Social networking is the norm, no matter what application you use, it is a part of our everyday life. I am a qualified teacher and have curriculum knowledge and a pedagogy. However, I found teacher librarians are uniquely qualified information professionals and require a different skillset, and it would be valuable for me to improve my information management knowledge and skills to support and implement programs that will benefit the school community. This unit revealed to me that libraries are increasing toward online resources and security protection, requiring multi-dimensional approaches with management and technical solutions. This unit supported me to advance my technological and management skills. I have no regrets in choosing “Social Networking for Information Professionals” and will utilise all the skills that I have learnt in my future career.

References:

American Library Association [@ALALibrary]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ALALibrary

Cole, L. (2016). BiblioTech as the re-imagined public library: Where will it find you? [Video file]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnYDl66YfQ0

Coolarts223. (2023). Shiny sphere floating on water. With reflection [Art work]. Devianart. https://www.deviantart.com/coolarts223/art/Shiny-sphere-floating-on-water-With-reflection-985754054

Digital Education Research Network [@derntwits]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/derntwits

Etuh, E., & Bakpo, F. S. (2022). Social Media Networks Attacks and their Preventive Mechanisms: A Review. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.03330

Han, Y., & Yang, F. (2023). Will Using Social Media Benefit or Harm Users’ Self-Esteem? It Depends on Perceived Relational-Closeness. Social Media + Society9(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231203680

Martínez-Caro, E., Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., & Alfonso-Ruiz, F. J. (2020). Digital technologies and firm performance: The role of digital organisational culture. Technological Forecasting and Social Change154, 119962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119962

Maurer, M., Gerdes, J. C., Lenz, B., & Winner, H. (2016). Autonomous driving: technical, legal and social aspects. Springer Nature.

Merga, M. K. (2022). School libraries supporting literacy and wellbeing. Facet Publishing.

Mulvey, A. P., & Keller, J. M. (2023). Brooms and ballots: #WitchTheVote, the nostalgic internet, and intersectional feminist politics on Instagram. Social Media + Society, 9(4), 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231205

Rubin, R., & Rubin, R. G. (2020). Foundations of library and information science (Fifth edition.). American Library Association. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/CSUAU/detail.action?docID=6386141.

Part 2: Extended Post – explores, explains, and analyses in relation to social media and privacy use in information organisations

There are two main challenges surrounding social media and privacy use in information organisations. These concerns are, firstly, that the protection of information and the flow of data within social media leaves individuals and companies vulnerable, and secondly, the ethical issues around enforcing such protections.

The extraordinary growth of social media and users’ activities made privacy-protective measures necessary in the 21st century for the responsible GLAMR sector and everyone. The GLAMR sector contains information organisations such as galleries, libraries, archives, museums, and records that utilise social media platforms to reach out to their target audience for connecting, communicating, broadcasting news, seeking information, and promoting events (Auxier & Anderson, 2021). The user’s personal information, interests, political views, purchasing habits, and online behavioural activities are stored on the website when accessing media and unintentionally leave digital footprints. The International Association of Privacy Professionals (n.d.) defined governing privacy as “user personal data and information being protected from malicious attack and exploitation of data used in inappropriate ways”. Social networking companies could manipulate individuals’ data activities to drive user engagement geared towards their goals (Saura et al., 2021). The data from users is vulnerable and will be subject to exploitation by third parties or be unlawfully accessed by criminals. Hence, protection is an important challenge in this space, and it is vital to understand how to adequately combat online vulnerability and engage with protective measures.

The GLAMR sector implemented strategies and created policies and guidelines to counter these privacy protection challenges, and these documents reference various legislation, such as the Privacy Act 1988 in Australian legislation (Privacy Act 1988, 1988), American Library Association’s Library Bill of Rights (EDIAZ, 2016), and the Australian Library and Information Association’s libraries and privacy guidelines (Slingsby, 2021). These documents serve to protect the treatment and use of personal information shared, including on online social networks. The protection of information on infrastructure that stores digital resources and user information is subject to damage and online attacks from various forms like viruses or malware. In the digital space, information leakages can easily occur, unbidden by the organisation and risking users’ safety. Regular hardware and software updates and data backups are crucial to protect the privacy of users (Fire et al.,2014).

In the case of libraries, they have various policies governing social media and privacy regarding the access and use of online information, like the Code of Ethics and Conduct, which monitors staff conduct, the Information Security Policy that secures and protects the confidentiality, integrity and information within its infrastructure, the Privacy Management Plan for how an organisation is managing personal information and the Social Media Policy, which governs the library staff communication with patrons through social media platforms (Australian Catholic University, 2023; International Association of School Librarianship, n.d.; State Library of New South Wales, 2023). A well-protected culture that does not erode the fine line between the public and private spheres needs library professionals to uphold and adhere to ethical and transparent policies.

While there are policies and guidelines governing the protection of privacy of social media use in the GLAMR sector, there are still vast, ethical challenges that need to be overcome (Rathore et al., 2017). The online databases and print resources need to be reviewed periodically to ensure that transferring from print to an online resource is secured, to prevent unauthorised access when linked with the latest technology. Hence, an adequate budget for this ethical risk is unavoidable and is a huge issue for all organisations (Lee, 2021). The Softlink Australian School Library Survey 2017 reports that more than 62% of school libraries were inadequately funded (Softlink, 2017). It is crucial for the principal, management, and the board to support the allocation of budget for an ethical cause. Social media have become the main platforms for social networking tools for individuals. Social media networks like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, and dating apps such as Tinder are used by billions of users and continue to grow (Datareportal, 2023; Napoleoncat, 2023; Statista, 2023). Cloud-based and Web 2.0 technologies make it possible for organisations to track user activity using tools like Mixpanel and Adobe Analytics on mobile applications and single-page applications on websites such as Google Analytics and Hotjar (Singh et al., 2010). These business organisations have blurred lines with personal privacies and leave many ethical standards to be desired.

Further, adopting appropriate policies to govern digital information access and control is becoming a mammoth task because technology is changing at a fast pace and moving faster than organisations can update their policies. It is forcing organisations to shift conditions even quicker than before (Ichihashi, 2020). For example, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ChatGPT are the most recent technologies; organisations are currently reviewing how they will affect users’ security and privacy and the type of measures that are required to be in place to counter unlawful access and misuse of information. This is a real concern; however, it is also inevitable that new technologies will evolve, and proactive action is key, but the type of proactive action, software patches and updates to support this action requires expertise, which is another ethical challenge for digital library professionals to keep up with current trends while applying appropriate privacy protective measures (Wu et al., 2023). Information ethics is a concern because the confidentiality of patrons is the responsibility of library professionals and staff, and safeguarding the privacy of information to avoid misuse of resources is crucial to respecting users (Rubin & Rubin, 2020). There are guiding principles to keep the information confidential, especially in AI technologies, to respect and protect intellectual property with fair representation, non-maleficence, and privacy. All employees are required to sign a code of conduct. If a person does not uphold the standard, this will be the grounds for dismissal (Floridi et al., 2018).

In conclusion, information overload is commonplace on social media platforms, and prospects for privacy and security in digital libraries are challenging. A well-defined policy document aligned with actions from the government and support from management is critical to prevent data breaches, uphold the library’s professional standards and provide a trusting relationship with patrons, therefore reaching the goal of protecting users (Rubin & Rubin, 2020). It is not a singular, definition of privacy that library professionals are adhering to; it is how they perceive privacy and abide by the code of conduct and the ethical duty that one needs to perform.

References:

Al-Suqri, M. N., & Akomolafe-Fatuyi, E. (2012). Security and Privacy in Digital Libraries: Challenges, Opportunities and Prospects. International Journal of Digital Library Systems3(4), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdls.2012100103

Australian Catholic University. (2023). Library policies and guidelines. https://library.acu.edu.au/our-library/policies-and-guidelines

Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center1, 1-4. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/04/PI_2021.04.07_Social-Media-Use_FINAL.pdf

Datareportal. (2023). Instagram: Global advertising audience. https://datareportal.com/essential-instagram-stats

EDIAZ. (2016, November 16). Library Bill of Rights and Freedom to Read Statement Pamphlet. About ALA. https://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/oif/LBOR-FTR-statement-pamphlet

Fire, M., Goldschmidt, R., & Elovici, Y. (2014). Online social networks: threats and solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials16(4), 2019-2036. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2014.2321628

Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., Luetge, C., Madelin, R., Pagallo, U., Rossi, F., Schafer, B., Valcke, P., & Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations. Minds and Machines (Dordrecht)28(4), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5

Ichihashi, S. (2020). Online privacy and information disclosure by consumers. American Economic Review110(2), 569-595.https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181052

International Association of Privacy Professionals. (n.d.). What is privacy. https://iapp.org/about/what-is-privacy/#:~:text=Data%20privacy%20is%20focused%20on,of%20stolen%20data%20for%20profit.

International Association of School Librarianship. (n.d.). Sample policies for small school library. https://www.iasl-online.org/resources/Documents/PD%20Library/PDLIB_SAMPLE_POLICIES_FOR_SMALL_SCHOOL_LIBRARY_PROGRAMS_NEW.pdf

Lee, I. (2021). Cybersecurity: Risk management framework and investment cost analysis. Business Horizons64(5), 659-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.022

Napoleoncat. (2023). Instagram users in Australia. https://napoleoncat.com/stats/instagram-users-in-australia/2023/11/

Privacy Act 1988 No 97 (Cth). (1988). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00292

Rathore, S., Sharma, P. K., Loia, V., Jeong, Y. S., & Park, J. H. (2017). Social network security: Issues, challenges, threats, and solutions. Information sciences421, 43-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2017.08.063

Rubin, R. E., & Rubin, R. G. (2020). Foundations of library and information science (5th ed.). American Library Association. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/CSUAU/detail.action?docID=6386141&pq-origsite=primo

Saura, J. R., Palacios-Marqués, D., & Iturricha-Fernández, A. (2021). Ethical design in social media: Assessing the main performance measurements of user online behavior modification. Journal of Business Research129, 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.001

Shutterstock. (n.d.). Hacker Industry Illustrations [Stock image]. https://www.shutterstock.com/search/hacker-industry?image_type=illustration

Singh, M., Davison, C., & Wickramasinghe, N. (2010). Organisational use of web 2.0 technologies: An Australian perspective. AMCIS 2010 Proceedings. 198. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2010/198

Slingsby, L. (2021, June 28). Libraries and privacy guidelines. ALIA Library. https://read.alia.org.au/libraries-and-privacy-guidelines

Softlink. (2017). 2017 Australian and New Zealand school library survey.  https://www.softlinkint.com/downloads/2017_Softlink_Australian_and_New_Zealand_School_Library_Survey_Report.pdf

State Library of New South Wales. (2023). Legislation and policies. https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about-library/legislation-and-policies

Statista. (2023). Most popular social networks worldwide as of October 2023, ranked by number of monthly active users. https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/

Wu, X., Duan, R., & Ni, J. (2023). Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007

Task 10: Twitter feeds

Two Twitter feeds were explored: American Library Association [@ALALibrary]. https://twitter.com/ALALibrary and the Digital Education Research Network [@derntwits]. https://twitter.com/derntwits

Digital Education Research Network (Australia) (DERN) (DERN [@derntwits], n.d.) caters to researchers and educators who are interested in the use of digital technology in media, ICT, theological approaches, and current and future trends in learning. In comparison, the American Library Association (ALA) (ALA [@ALALibrary], n.d.), which is the oldest and largest library association in the world, caters to audiences that are interested in the development of, promotion, and improvement of library and information services. Their mission is to ensure access to information for all, through the librarianship profession, to advocate equity, diversity, and inclusion.

Due to their audiences, the content for the Twitter feeds of DERN and ALA are different in their own ways. DERN has newsletters for the latest ICT research reports, conference information and recent news stories, including research reviews, briefs and archives. It is a very research-based platform and attracts a targeted audience (DERN, n.d.). On the other hand, ALA has a broad range of focuses and the eight key focus areas are advocacy for libraries and the profession, diversity, education, lifelong learning, equitable access to information and library services, intellectual freedom, literacy, organizational excellence, and transforming libraries (ALA, n.d.).

ALA appears to be more successful than DERN, not only because ALA caters to a wider audience, but also because of the number of global viewers compared to the Australian population. The population of the U.S. in 2023 was estimated to be 339,996,563 (Chasan, 2023) and Australia’s population was approximately 26,638,544 people on 30 June 2023 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, n.d.). Looking closely at the 2,049 Following 1,746 Followers for DERN (DERN [@derntwits], n.d.) compared with the 4,061 Following 231.8K Followers for ALA (ALA [@ALALibrary], n.d.), it is clear that the popularity is incomparable from DERN to ALA. This can partially be attributed to the number of posts, 31.3K in ALA compared to the 542 posts by DERN, which shows ALA’s active engagement to reach its audience and maintain strong connections amongst its networks.

Furthermore, ALA posts were short and sharp, with a variety of short articles and competitions to discussion forums, including their annual conference posters, free membership deals, library events, book reviews to encourage discussion, advocacy topics, digital book launches, library dispute court proceedings, book clubs, short messages with images, videos, journal articles and various discount deals (ALA [@ALALibrary], n.d.), whereas DERN mainly posted research articles. The content appearance also did not seem as interesting or appealing as the ALA website. DERN’s images were not as attractive, the sentences were not catchy, not original, and they had mainly text (DERN [@derntwits], n.d.). The posts on ALA are very eye-catching with selected texts with images and videos, whereas DERN seems very plain. For the above analysis, ALA is more successful than DERN.

References:

American Library Association. (n.d.). About ALA. https://www.ala.org/aboutala/

American Library Association [@ALALibrary]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ALALibrary

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). National, state and territory population. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/latest-release

Chasan, A. (2023). U.S. population grew to more than 335 million in 2023. Here’s the prediction for 2024. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-population-expected-to-top-335-million-by-new-years-day-2024/

Digital Education Research Network. (n.d.). About DERN. https://dern.acer.org/dern/about

Digital Education Research Network [@derntwits]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/derntwits

Shutterstock. (n.d.). Technology Vector royalty-free images [Stock image]. https://www.shutterstock.com/search/technology-vector