I have begun to understand the myriad ways young adult fiction can be used to develop students’ knowledge of their world and associated curriculum concepts. Initially I saw reading as a literacy development activity and didn’t think about the broader implications. The following list includes some of the lessons and ideas incorporated into children’s literature.

From readings and course material:

• Critical thinking skills and cultural understanding (Pear Tree Education, 2012)
• Hagar (2013):
– Drama
– Biographical information
– Understanding of Shakespeare
– Understanding and using historical sources
– Politics
– War, including the Holocaust
– Mathematics and Science
– Themes and issues

My own thoughts:
• Artistic expression and appreciation
• Emotional and empathetic development
• Personal understanding/identity
• Coping mechanisms in response to change and tragedy
• Knowledge of historical events
• Exploration of social issues
• Social skills
• Connecting with others through universal experiences

References

Hagar, R. (2013, April 14). Using picture books in the middle school [Slide presentation]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/abseconmedia/using-picture-books-in-the-middle-school

Pear Tree Education. (2012, May 12). Critical literacy: Using picture books to read the world [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/Ireo-cdQO48

PART C: REFLECTIVE PRACTICE

When I began the Introduction to Teacher-Librarianship (ETL401) subject, I understood there were many ways librarians could contribute to the school, for example, providing technological support and managing resources (Clarke, 2018a). It is only after exploring the concepts of information literacy and Inquiry Learning I discovered the teacher-librarian’s role is much more extensive and closely linked to the roles of teachers, principals and support staff. Not only should we teach students the contemporary skills they will need throughout their life, we must also create connectedness by communicating and collaborating with other members of the school community.

Although information literacy is difficult to define, it is linked with the general, broad views of literacy in that it is based on comprehension and interpretation. My peers have discussed the importance of reading, writing, listening, viewing, speaking and representing (Mori, 2018), without which students would be unable to interact with information, but the essential stage of literacy models, including information literacy, is understanding. Combes (2016) webinar resonated with me when she stated ‘you have to be able to understand and interpret whatever it is you are reading, writing, listening, viewing or speaking about’. Her comments encouraged me to focus on students’ high-order thinking skills by requiring them to explain, create and evaluate whenever they learn about new concepts.

After reading and considering forum questions, I added the term ‘critical thinking’ to my definition of information literacy (Clarke, 2018b) and saw how aspects of information literacy had been incorporated into the Australian Curriculum in the form of general capabilities, specifically ‘critical and creative thinking’, ‘literacy’ and ‘information and communication technology’ (Australian Curriculum and Assessment Authority, 2017b). Weiner (2011) explains that information literacy and critical thinking do not need to be featured in the curriculum as separate entities (p.89) because they are closely connected and their definitions have many commonalities (p.82). Students are not literate if they are unable to create meaning.

Inquiry learning is way students can develop their information literacy skills (Chu, Tse & Chow, 2011), specifically the interpretation of materials and formation of knowledge, which is constructed through personal experiences and the exchange of ideas (Ackermann, 2001). Inquiry learning is not linked to specific syllabus content, so it becomes an ‘embedded…lifelong learning practice’, which is an essential element of information literacy (Andretta, 2006). It promotes deep thinking (Chu, Tse & Chow, 2011) and ensures student education is ‘personalised’ (Bushby, 2012) because the central ideas are based on a constructivist approach to learning. During the inquiry process, students are able to able to play and explore, which leads to creation and invention (Bushby, 2012). Through wide reading I discovered the process is also a way to encourage gifted and talented students to grow because it fits their instructional needs: ‘open, authentic tasks with high levels of abstraction and complexity’ (Eysink, Gersen & Gijlers, 2015, p. 63).

Eysink, Gersen and Gijlers (2015) state that students need support if inquiry learning is to be successful (p.64), so I now understand the librarian’s role is to provide specific instruction and guide students as they explore and use information, which may not be the case when class teachers introduce projects during the instruction of subject-specific content (Maniotes & Kuhlthau, 2014). The librarian should also ensure they use processes that are authentic and transferable because these are some of the main features of inquiry learning (Maniotes & Kuhlthau, 2014).

Academics advise schools to adopt a whole school approach to information literacy (Mertes (2014; Herring & Bush, 2013), so collaboration and communication are important for teachers and librarians but these 21st Century skills are also essential to students and the learning process. This is why I believe the Guided Inquiry Design (GID) (Kuhlthau, Maniotes & Caspari, 2012a) is an effective model for TLs to use with students. Kulthau, Maniotes and Caspari (2012b) emphasise the development of positive inquiry communities and encourage the use of inquiry circles. Their process means students are ‘interested to learn more and share with others’ (Maniotes & Kuhlthau, 2014, p.12). Garrison and Lee’s study (2016) highlights the importance of collaboration in the Guided Inquiry process.

GID has also been recognised as a vigorous and effective inquiry model. Mertes (2014) stated that models such as the Big6 and PLUS models are lacking in comparison to GID because they aren’t ‘empirically-based’ and neglect or minimise initial research stages (p. 161). After I perused Garrison and Lee’s summary of their GI project (2016), the quality of the model was reiterated. They revealed that GI is memorable for students. The study also showed that the skills the students learnt were transferable and a basis for lifelong learning was established. The research I explored consolidated my choices for the final ETL401 assignment.

Although inquiry learning has its downfalls, such as the need for extensive time, resources and support (Verdun, 2018), various models would be beneficial for students. Neuman’s iLearn model (Neuman, 2013), for example, has proven successful in some studies (Neuman, Grant, Lee & Decarlo, 2015) in that students were able to understand the process due to the clear, ‘kid-friendly’ steps. Research tasks were accessible and no longer ‘mysterious’ (p.44). Similarly, Herring’s PLUS model, as discussed in Herring, Tarter and Naylor (2002), encourages students to actively participate in research tasks and reflect on their learning (p.21).

In the past, I have valued traditional forms of literacy, particularly those associated with teaching English. Through this subject I have realised that information literacy is also essential in our modern society. Students must understand how to access, understand and use information because the expanding Internet can be confusing and overwhelming.

References

Australian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (2017b). General capabilities. Retrieved from https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/general-capabilities/

Bushby, B. (2012). Inquiry learning is deep learning. Every Child, 18(2), 30-32. Retrieved from https://search-informit-com-au.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/fullText;res=AEIPT;dn=193562

Chu, S., Tse, S., & Chow, K. (2011). Using collaborative teaching and inquiry project-based learning to help primary school students develop information literacy and information skills. Library and Information Science Research, 33, 132-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10/1016/j.lisr.2010.07.017

Clarke. J. (2018a, March 1). The Teacher/Librarian Amalgamation [blog post]. Retrieved from https://thinkspace.csu.edu.au/conanthelibrarian/

Clarke. J. (2018b, May 2). Literacy [blog post]. Retrieved from https://thinkspace.csu.edu.au/conanthelibrarian/

Combes, B. (2016). Information change and issues [Video webinar]. Retrieved from https://connect.csu.edu.au/p46nev0a746/?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal

Herring, J., & Bush, S. (2013). Information literacy transfer in schools: implications for teacher librarians. The Australian Library Journal, 60(2), 123-132. DOI:10/1080/00049670.2011.10722584

Herring, J., Tarter, A-M., & Naylor. S. An evaluation of the use of the PLUS Model to develop pupils’ information skills in a secondary school. School Libraries Worldwide, 8(1), 1-24. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/docview/217754435/fulltextPDF/ACDA01306F32411BPQ/1?accountid=10344

Kuhlthau, C., Maniotes, L., & Caspari, A. (2012). Guided Inquiry Design. Retrieved from http://wp.comminfo.rutgers.edu/ckuhlthau/guided-inquiry-design/

Kuhlthau, C., Maniotes, L., & Caspari, A. (2012b). Guided Inquiry Design [ABC-CLIO]. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/lib/CSUAU/detail.action?docID=1887925.

Mainotes, L., & Kuhlthau, C. (2014). Making the shift. Knowledge Quest, 43(2), 8-17. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/docview/1620878836

Mori, S. (2018, 30 April). Re: Forum 5.1 [Online forum comment], Message posted to https://interact2.csu.edu.au/webapps/discussionboard/do/message?action=list_messages&course_id=_34577_1&nav=discussion_board_entry&conf_id=_60958_1&forum_id=_117467_1&message_id=_1609312_1

Neuman, D. (2013). I-Learn: Information literacy for learners. Retrieved from http://ecil2013.ilconf.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Neuman_ILEARNInformationLiteracy.pdf

Neuman, D., Grant, A., Lee V., & M. Decarlo (2015). Information and digital literacy in a high-poverty urban schhol: an I-LEARN project (Report). School Libraries Worldwide, 21(1), 38-63.

Verdun, M. (2018, 23 April). Re: Forum 5.2_2 [Online forum comment], Message posted to https://interact2.csu.edu.au/webapps/discussionboard/do/message?action=list_messages&course_id=_34577_1&nav=discussion_board_entry&conf_id=_60958_1&forum_id=_117467_1&message_id=_1609309_1

The traditional definitions of literacy mentioned by Fitzgerland and Coombes (2018) are all more than twenty-five years old but critical thinking is still a feature of modern education systems (Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority, 2016a). Therefore, although new formats and delivery modes may require students to develop advanced technical skills, understanding and critical thinking are at the centre of contemporary literacies.

As Barbara Combes has stated, ‘literacy is understanding…you have to be able to understand and interpret whatever it is you are reading, writing, listening, viewing or speaking about’ (2016). In other words, students must be able to use what they have learnt through their interactions with a text or process in order to demonstrate understanding, regardless of the mode. Comprehension is also highlighted as a significant component of the literacy capability within the Australian Curriculum (Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority, 2016b). Visual literacy, for example, involves not only the ability to view or ‘read’ an image, but also the ability to understand the image (Baker, 2012).

Critical thinking is mentioned in various frameworks and plans associated with twenty-first century learning (P21, 2015; Glen Waverly Secondary College, 2014) and this reinforces its relevance in modern society. It is a way of developing and demonstrating understanding and is ‘at the core of most intellectual activity’ (Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority, 2016b). It enables students to develop the skills they need to understand ideas and texts in the future. Interpretation is one such skill mentioned by ACARA (2016a) that can be applied to an image but also to multiple formats and concepts, including information.

International, national and local communities influence literacy and its meaning (UNESCO, 2006) but the processes and skills are still relevant in various contexts. For example, interpreting images is a process that occurs throughout the world, it’s only the end result that differs due to cultural and personal factors.

References

Australian Curriculum and Reporting Authority. (2016a). Creative and Critical Thinking. Retrieved from https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/general-capabilities/critical-and-creative-thinking/

Australian Curriculum and Reporting Authority. (2016b). Literacy. Retrieved from https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/general-capabilities/literacy/

Combes, B. (2016). Information change and issues [Video webinar]. Retrieved from https://connect.csu.edu.au/p46nev0a746/?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal

Baker, F.W. (2012). Media Literacy in the K-12 Classroom [International Society for Technology in Education]. Retrieved from https://www.iste.org/docs/excerpts/MEDLIT-excerpt.pdf

Fitzgerald, L., & Coombes, (2018). B. ETL401, Module 5.1 [course notes]. Retrieved from https://interact2.csu.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_34577_1&content_id=_2060435_1

Glen Waverly Secondary College. (2014). 21st Century Skills Framework. Retrieved from http://www.gwsc.vic.edu.au/21st-century-skills-framework

P21. (2015). P21 Framework definitions. Retrieved from http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/docs/P21_Framework_Definitions_New_Logo_2015.pdf

UNESCO. (2006). Understandings of literacy. Education for all: Literacy for life. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/GMR2006/full/chapt6_eng.pdf

Current testing procedures such as NAPLAN can affect students’ acquisition of 21st century skills, specifically general capabilities such as ‘critical and creative thinking’ (ACARA, 2016), because teachers are forced to change their pedagogies in response to severe expectations. Many educators focus on test preparation and ‘inquiry-based, collaborative and integrated learning’ suffers (Mayes & Howell, 2017, p. 2).

Bousfield and Ragusa assert that tests such as NAPLAN result in the ‘adultification of childhood’ (Bousfield and Ragusa, 2014, 170). Like teachers, students are also being made accountable, and this means they experience stress and anxiety when exposed to standardised tests. They are drawn away from the play-based inquiries that can lead to important, meaningful discoveries.

REFERENCES

ACARA. (2016). General capabilities. Retrieved from https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/general-capabilities/

Bousfield, K., & Ragusa, A. (2014). A sociological analysis of Australia’s NAPLAN and My School Senate Inquiry submissions: the adultification of childhood?, Critical Studies in Education, 55:2, 170-185. doi:10.1080/17508487.2013.877051

Mayes, E., & Howell, A. (2017). The (hidden) injuries of NAPLAN: two standardised test events and the making of ‘at risk’ student subjects. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1-16. doi:10.1080/13603116.2017.1415383

‘Principal support is vital’ (Haycock, 2007, p.31). There are various ways principals and teacher librarians can work together:

*Principals can encourage relationships between classroom teachers and TLs and provide time for them to coordinate. Principals could also be involved in the consultation and planning processes. There is a correlation between student achievement and whole-school collaboration (Farmer, 2007; Haycock, 2007).

*Teacher librarians and principals should form clear goals. A ‘shared vision’ (Hancock, 2007, p.31) is an important aspect of the TL/principal relationship.
Principals must ensure librarians have the funding, resources and education they need to provide the school with relevant resources and services. Many principals identify funding as a key issue (Hughes, 2013).

*Principals can provide classroom teachers with educational opportunities in relation to using the library. High expectations of teachers will promote stronger relationships between teachers and TLs (Oberg, 2006).

*Effective communication must exist. TLs need to ensure the principal has a clear understanding of the library’s purpose (Oberg, 2006).

*Principals should model effective practices by visiting the library and promoting ‘positive reading experiences’ (Farmer, 2007, p.58).

*Teacher librarians can support the principal by researching issues relevant to education and school administration (Farmer, 2007).

REFERENCES
Farmer, L. (2007). Principals: Catalysts for collaboration. School Libraries Worldwide, 13(1), 56-65.

Haycock, K. (2007). Collaboration: Critical success factors for student learning. School Libraries Worldwide, 13(1), 25-35.

Hughes, H. (2013). Findings about Gold Coast Principal’s views of school libraries and teacher librarians. Chapter 8, School libraries, teacher librarians and their contribution to student literacy development in Gold Coast schools. Research report.

Oberg, D. (2006). Developing the respect and support of school administrators. Teacher Librarian, 33(3), 13-18.

Herring (2007) and Purcell (2010) both realise school libraries are ‘centre[s] of learning’ (Herring, 2007, p. 27) or ‘hub[s] of the learning community’ (Purcell, 2010, p. 30). However, Purcell (2010) seems to have higher expectations; she prioritises the teacher librarian’s leadership role and emphasises multiple responsibilities, whereas Herring believes it is impossible for TLs to ‘fulfill all…roles at the same time’ (Herring, 2007, p. 31). Although teacher librarians possess the ability to fill various roles, they must refine their purpose within the school context by considering the gaps and needs within the local community (Herring, 2007, p. 31).

Lamb (2011) also highlights the importance of ‘identify[ing] priorities’ (p.31), although the requirements listed in her article are extensive. She also proposes a collaborative approach to the school library, where it is important for the teacher librarian to communicate effectively and build relationships within the school and wider community (p.29). Although other authors recognise the importance of collaboration, human connection is not outlined as a key feature of their TL models.

One commonality amongst the literature is the focus on information literacy skills. Herring (2007), Purcell (2010), Lamb (2011) and Valenza (2010) all believe TLs should be teaching students the skills they need to navigate new technologies and delivery modes. Valenza (2010) goes so far as to present a specific list of ‘nonnegotiable’ TL practices, such as the ability to create RSS feeds, blogs, websites and even Twitter posts. Unfortunately, teachers are often unable to develop students’ 21st century skills because they lack confidence and/or understanding (Purcell, 2010, p. 33) or the ‘resources, time, technical support, infrastructure and professional development’ (Lamb, 2011, p. 33), so TLs are required to provide assistance.

Academics also seem to agree that school librarians must teach students and their colleagues as part of their role. ‘School media specialists must be teachers’ (Lamb, 2011, p.35.) and should understand how to teach various individuals within the school (Purcell, 2010, p. 32).

REFERENCES
Herring, J. (2007). Teacher librarians and the school library. In S. Ferguson (Ed.) Libraries in the twenty-first century : charting new directions in information (pp. 27-42). Wagga Wagga , NSW : Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University. Retrieved from https :// www . csu . edu . au /division/library/ ereserve / pdf /herring-j. pdf

Lamb, A. (2011). Bursting with potential: Mixing a media specialist’s palette. Techtrends : Linking Research & Practice To Improve Learning, 55(4), 27-36.

Purcell, M. (2010) All librarians do is check out books right? A look at the roles of the school library media specialist. Library Media Connection 29(3), 30-33. Available via CSU Library’s Academic Search Complete database

Valenza , J. (2010) A revised manifesto. Retrieved from http :// blogs . slj .com/ neverendingsearch /2010/12/03/a-revised-manifesto/

Karen Bonanno believes school librarians will only become extinct if they allow it to happen (ASLA, 2011). Members of the profession must create clear goals and pursue personal development opportunities to ensure their skills remain viable and current. They can extend their learning by attending conferences and networking with peers (Bonanno,2015, p. 16).

Some areas of professional development will need to focus on technological advances as many schools and employers are expecting TLs to possess advanced skills in this area (Bonanno, 2015, p.18). Bonanno states that understanding school plans is a matter of importance (Bonanno, 2015, p.17) because teacher librarians must adapt to the needs of their schools in order to survive.

References

Australian School Library Association (ASLA) (2011) A profession at the tipping point: Time to change the game plan. Keynote presentation, Karen Bonanno . Retrieved from https :// vimeo .com/31003940

Bonanno , K. (2015) A profession at the tipping point (revisited). Access, March, 14-21

How is the teacher librarian’s expertise and role different from that required by all teachers?

Like teachers, librarians find and utilise resources but they also do many things in addition to these tasks. As part of their role they organise and manage large collections whereas classroom teachers focus on their own subject and don’t need to collect items for other courses. Librarians need to teach the skills associated with information technology but teachers tend to focus on syllabus content.

What are some ways teacher librarians might effectively collaborate with the school community in the selection of resources in a school?

It is important for school librarians to develop knowledge of their organisation’s curriculum documents. They could use this knowledge to create specific lessons for the teachers or form assessment items with faculties. For example, librarians could teach students the skills they need to access information in the library before asking them to complete a task where they are assessed on their knowledge of a specific school subject and the research skills they have used to obtain the information.

Suggested and compulsory reading lists could be formed with teachers and distributed to classes. This would help students extend their learning and encourage them to access the library’s resources.

Parents are also an integral part of the school community and it is essential for reading to be promoted in students’ homes. Librarians could ask for suggestions via email or through the school newsletter. Students would be able to see their parents’ favourite texts and caregivers may even provide insight into the types of texts their children are reading in their spare time.

How can you engage your learners in the selection of resources for their school library?

Suggestion boxes, polls and surveys are all options but different approaches to these traditional processes could be considered. Instead of asking for book suggestions, librarians could invite students to answer questions about popular mediums (film, television, etc) or even present quizzes in the style of BuzzFeed pages. Many students do not read for leisure but teachers could cater their collections based on students’ interests in other areas.

Librarians in high schools could also make the reading and selection of books a social experience by creating a space for students to share their suggestions, thoughts and opinions with their peers. It may be possible for librarians to make a school group using a website like Goodreads.

Who should have the final say on what is included in the school library collection? Why?

Librarians should have the final say on what is included in the school library because they obtain relevant skills and knowledge through the completion of specific courses in collection management. They are also privy to conversations and concerns within the school community because they are the first point of call when questions and issues arise. Therefore, their perspective of the school’s resources is comprehensive, especially in comparison to the perspectives of other individuals who may not have a complete understanding of the school’s needs.