Introduction:
5G is a global wireless network and is succeeded by 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G. It is a technology that is capable of connecting everyone and everything including infrastructure, devices, machines, vehicles and people. It can drive global and industrial growth. It is characterized by high data transfer rate, low latency, scalability, reliability and cost reduction. It will help in visualizing the dream of IoT and smart cities. 5G has been successfully deployed in more than 35 countries and other countries are following the path. It has the potential to increase GDP growth by $2.1 trillion. It will produce 22.3 million jobs. There are few challenges of security and infrastructure in this path. Researchers are trying to solve these issues with complete zeal and zest (Dan Warren, 2014).
Annotated Bibliography:
Article 1
Myrtill Simko, M.-O. M. (2019 Sep). 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects—A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18): 3406.
In this article Simko analyses has examined health effects of wireless communication within frequency of 6 to 100GHz. According to him, 5G will increase mobile data usage as 5G will act as intersection of connections and technology with the realization of IoT devices and smart cities. 5G technology will be introduced in a number of phases. Initial phases will use lower frequencies whereas higher frequencies will be used at later stages. These higher frequencies will range from 3-30 GHz. These higher frequencies are subject to many controversies from health department. Low frequency radiation exposure does not produce any symptom. However, ultrahigh frequency range will cause serious health troubles including the possibility of cancer. This research paper has collected data from variety of sources. Furthermore, this article predicts an increase in data usage with the evolution of 5G and IoT devices. It would result in increase in volume of mobile data per geographic area. The article provides strong evidence that such an increase in mobile data usage will, pressure and parameters, temperature, heart and brain activity. Therefore, this article uses biological research evidence to study effects of 5G on health (Myrtill Simko, 2019 Sep).
Article 2
Rupendra Nath Mitra, D. P. (2016). 5G Mobile Technology: A Survey. Science Direct, 132-137.
This article surveys 5G technology as an emerging mobile technology. In this article, mobile technologies have been compared in terms of efficiency and advantages. Data rate in 2G was 64 kbps which improved to 2Mbps in 3G. It further improved to 50–100 Mbps in 4G. 5G promises to improve this data transfer rate as well as energy efficiency, connectivity and scalability of the network. It is expected that 50 billion devices by 2020 will be connected to internet network. This huge number of devices will become a problem for existing network. This paper illustrates that 5G technology will solve this problem due to its high connectivity and data transfer rate. Furthermore, internet of things will also use 5G technology for proper operation. 5G technology is energy efficient thus realizing the dream of green environment. Hence, according to this research article, 5G is truly futuristic and innovative intended to make our lives comfortable and easy (Rupendra Nath Mitra, 2016).
Article 3
Adebayo, A.-A. (2015). Developments toward 5G technologies. 1st International Conference on Applied Information Technology .
Adebayo explores technological developments required for 5G technologies. According to this research, the most important step is to use spectrum of mm-wave. It will improve its penetration, propagation and enable low-latency. Similarly, 5G will require a highly-connected sensitive network and RAN. 5G architecture will be able to accommodate heavy traffic and huge number of devices. 5G will use a combination of modulation techniques for better efficiency. It will primarily use FBMC which is way better than OFDM which was being used in 4G. 5G will use four waveforms; BFDM, UFMC, GFDM and FBMC. Next, the most anticipated feature of 5G is cloud-RAN. It is more sustainable and energy efficient. The concept is to keep RAN in core and to provide its services on demand. This article further highlights that it will be very energy-efficient and eco-friendly. Overall, it is a very comprehensive article that explains requirements of 5G technology (Adebayo, 2015).
Article 4
Guangyi Liu, D. J. (2016). 5G: Vision and Requirements for Mobile Communication System towards Year 2020. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 73-77.
Guangyi, in this article, explains requirements and vision of 5G technology in this modern era. According to this research, mobile and internet technology will penetrate every part of human society. As the number of users will increase, challenges will also increase. One of the important challenges is user and service demand. As number of users and amount of stored data will increase, requirement of data transfer rate will also increase by many folds. Similarly, performance of 5G applications will also be challenged by increase in number of users and services. As 5G will penetrate each and every aspect of human life, many new challenging scenarios will also arise. These challenging scenarios include subways, highways and open air huge gatherings. Furthermore, 5G needs to be very sustainable and energy efficient. In a nutshell, this paper analyses emerging challenges to 5G in a very comprehensive way (Guangyi Liu, 2016).
Article 5
Nathan, A. (2020). The Dawn of the 5G Era: Is new technology the solution to internet inequity? Science Policy, 34-38.
In this article, Nathan has studied mobile evolution and its impact on human lives. The picture below shows how cellular network gradually evolved from 1G to 5G. Moreover, this article also discusses the room of improvement for 5G technology in terms of architecture as 5G will use shorter wavelength which will be highly directional enabling it to support 1000 times more devices than that in 4G. 5G technology will need more antennae placed closely for uninterrupted signal transmission. Another important aspect of this article is that it can bring equity in society. The rural areas are deprived of internet infrastructure and users solely depend on mobile data packages. However, if data connection is slow, these people got cut off from society. This problem will be solved by 5G. Everyone will be able to have equal access to internet and related facilities. 5G will be an innovative alternative of wired networks and will depend on signals. This technology will give all rural areas access to internet. Overall, this article has analyzed 5G in a very unique way that is quite interesting and presents an entirely different picture of society (Nathan, 2020).
Figure 2: Evolution of cellular networks
Article 6
Daniel Minoli, B. O. (2019). Practical Aspects for the Integration of 5G Networks and IoT Applications in Smart Cities Environments. Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing.
Minoli has analyzed 5G as a futuristic technology and its applications in IoT and smart cities and associated requirements and demands. 5G technology will develop in urban areas and will slowly spread its wings to other parts of globe. Eventually it will give birth to smart buildings and smart cities. 5G will enable IoT and smart cities. The basic concept of IoT is to enable all sorts of devices to generate, collect, analyse and store data. It will definitely need high rate data transfer. The development of smart cities further needs low latency and high reliability. These are key features of 5G technology. This article also discusses 5G evolution and its impact on human lives, industry and all walks of life. Furthermore, effect of different weather parameters on 5G transmission are studied in detail in this article. 5G transmission and penetration problems are highlighted quite well. This article is very relevant to this project as it discusses 5G evolution, benefits and issues in detail (Daniel Minoli, 2019).
Figure 2: Path loss of 5G as a function of frequency and distance
Article 7
Rupendra Nath Mitra, D. P. (2016). 5G Mobile Technology: A Survey. Science Direct, 132-137.
This article, written by Mitra, identifies key problem of 5G. The most important problem of 5G is ‘densification’ of small cells. Densification means massive clusters of small cells in an area. 5G will have large spectrum bandwidth that will give data transmission of the order of gigabytes per second. Such a high bandwidth will need a wide spectrum. The goals and demands of bandwidth will be met by millimetre wave frequencies. The millimetre wave frequencies will require installation of many small networking cells, antennae and towers. This aspect, in particular requires, deep consideration. Most of the urban cities are highly packed with insufficient space for this type of architecture. It will also significantly increase the cost of architecture. Moreover, 5G will require a number of cell types depending on coverage area. There are femtocells, microcells, Pico cells and metro cells. All of these cells have different coverage ranges (Rupendra Nath Mitra, 2016).
Figure 3: 5G and IoT
Article 8
Zsolt Marcell Temesvári, D. M. (2019). Review of Mobile Communication and the 5G in Manufacturing . Science Direct, 600-612.
This article tends to explain innovation that 5G will bring in the sector of manufacturing. Manufacturers rely on wired networks as existing mobile technologies are insufficient to meet their needs. 5G, however, provides features that are highly useful for manufacturing sector. These useful features are low latency, high bandwidth, low energy consumption as well as device cost and high density connection. All these features, combined, will make 5G very effective for manufacturing sector. This technology will be useful in connecting different equipment and systems together, thus, helping in collection, transfer and storage of data. It is estimated that by the end of 2020, 50 billion sensors will be connected to internet. It will cut off hardware and installation cost. At the same time, it will make data collection, analysis and other related procedures very easy. 5G will facilitate two types of machine communications: massive machine-type and ultra-reliable machine type. In this type of machine communication, different devices will be able to share data and follow instructions independently and automatically. Examples of such communications are vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. In addition, industry 4.0 is also associated with 5G. It is the era which will merge virtual and real industry. This article explains role of 5G in industry and associated benefits in detail and is cery helpful for this project (Zsolt Marcell Temesvári, 2019).
Article 9
Raúl Chávez-Santiago, M. S. (2015). 5G: The Convergence of Wireless Communications. SpringerLink.
This article describes future vision of 5G and associated challenges and benefits. According to this article, 5G is not as simple as previous cellular technologies. It is considered a ‘network of networks’. This network will be comprised of wide range of networking types, frequency bands, interfaces, access nodes and protocols. In this way 5G does not mean an introduction of an entirely new technology rather existing technologies will be merged to provide better results and fruits. The vision of 5G incorporates a high number of inter-connected devices communicating with each other at high speeds. Data transfer will be literally unlimited. It promises ultra-low latency, marvelous coverage, broad area of coverage, improved scalability, high efficiency and amazing versatility and unparalleled reliability. This 5G will realize the dream of smart cities and internet of things due to its truly wonderful features. This article draws a very descriptive picture of future of cellular networks (Raúl Chávez-Santiago, 2015).
Article 10
Li, D. (2019). 5G and intelligence medicine—how the next generation of wireless technology will reconstruct healthcare? Precsion Clinical Medicine, 205-208.
Dong Li, in this article, highlights the expected revolution in healthcare system due to fifth generation wireless technology. 5G will enable IoT, which in turn, will help healthcare industry in a variety of ways. 5G will help in inventing smart medical devices that would be able to communicate with medical practitioners and hospitals in case of emergency. There would be wearable devices that will take, store, analyze and transmit patients’ data regularly. Moreover, telemedicine is only one step way and 5G will take that step. As devices will send data to medical centers, critical patients would be brought to hospitals in emergency. The doctor would have the patient’s data beforehand that would be very helpful in treatment. Another important aspect is VR technology that will help doctors in diagnosis, decisions and enhancing experience. In addition, 5G will visualize the dream of remote diagnosis and smart hospital care. This article throws light on advantages of 5G in medicine. (Li, 2019)
Figure 4: 5G and healthcare
Article 11
Yousaf Bin Zikria, S. W. (2018). 5G Mobile Services and Scenarios: Challenges and Solutions. Sustainability 2018, MDPI.
This article describes challenges and solutions associated with 5G technology. 5G applications can be divided in five categories; public services, intelligent services, immersive services, autonomous and omnipresent services. According to these researchers, 5G needs to focus on following areas: spectrum and traffic issues, interface and access issues. These issues must be resolved in order to realize the era of 5G. Furthermore, they have studied features of 5G in detail. This article is very helpful in understanding key features, challenges and solutions of 5G.
Figure 5: Technical Scenarios in 5G
Article 12
Cantika felita, M. S. (2013). 5G key technologies: Identifying innovation opportunity. IEEE Xplore.
In this article, authors have describes 5G key technologies and their associated challenges and issues. They have identified flat IP based network and cognitive radio as two fundamental technologies of 5G. The two major challenges in deployment of 5G is security and limited number of resources. This article highlights that 5G should be developed by keeping the following aims: enhance security, increase capacity of system and preventing the misuse of technology. These are the key areas which need further research and development. In a nutshell, this article is very useful in understanding fundamental 5G technologies and associates challenges and opportunities.
misuse of control,
maintain the security and enhance the capacity of system
misuse of control,
maintain the security and enhance the capacity of system
misuse of control,
maintain the security and enhance the capacity of sy
Conclusion:
5G is a very promising technology that can increase productivity, efficiency and economic growth. It can provide comfort and assistance in every walk of life. It has the ability to improve our medical sector, industrial sector, security, privacy, automobile sector and agriculture. Many countries have already adopted this innovative technology and many other countries have started to follow these footsteps. 5G is essential for smart cities, IoT and fourth industrial revolution. 5G will definitely take our civilization to new horizons by its immense prospects.